英語電影的起源

⑴ 簡述電影的起源和發展

起源

1872年的一天，在美國加利福尼亞州一個酒店裡，斯坦福與科恩發生了激烈的爭執：馬奔跑時蹄子是否都著地？斯坦福認為奔跑的馬在躍起的瞬間四蹄是騰空的；科恩卻認為，馬奔跑時始終有一蹄著地。

爭執的結果誰也說服不了誰，於是就採取了美國人慣用的方式打賭來解決。他們請來一位馴馬好手來做裁決，然而，這位裁判員也難以斷定誰是誰非。這很正常，因為單憑人的眼睛確實難以看清快速奔跑的馬蹄是如何運動的。

裁判的好友——英國攝影師愛德華·麥布里奇（Edward Muybridge）知道了這件事後，表示可由他來試一試。他在跑道的一邊安置了24架照相機，排成一行，相機鏡頭都對准跑道。在跑道的另一邊，他打了24個木樁，每根木樁上都繫上一根細繩，這些細繩橫穿跑道，分別繫到對面每架照相機快門上。

一切准備就緒後，麥布里奇牽來了一匹漂亮的駿馬，讓它從跑道一端飛奔到另一端。當跑馬經過這一區域時，依次把24極引線絆斷，24架照相機的快門也就依次被拉動而拍下了24張照片。麥布里奇把這些照片按先後順序剪接起來。

每相鄰的兩張照片動作差別很小，它們組成了一條連貫的照片帶。裁判根據這組照片，終於看出馬在奔跑時，所有蹄子都騰空。按理說，故事到此就應結束了，但這場打賭及其判定的奇特方法卻引起了人們很大的興趣。麥布里奇一次又一次地向人們出示那條錄有奔馬形象的照片帶。

一次，有人無意識地快速牽動那條照片帶，結果眼前出現了一幕奇異的景象：各張照片中那些靜止的馬疊成一匹運動的馬，它竟然「活」起來了！

發展

1888年10月，法國電影發明家路易斯·普林斯（路易斯·艾梅·奧古斯汀·雷·普林斯Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince）在英格蘭西約克郡利茲城進行了一項有里程碑意義的工作。

他使用自己的單鏡頭攝影機和伊士曼柯達公司的紙質膠片接連拍攝了《朗德海花園場景》（Roundhay Garden Scene）和一段利茲大橋的街景。

這比他的競爭者——比如盧米埃爾兄弟和托馬斯·愛迪生——要早上幾年。他未能在美國按計劃完成這項新發明的公開演示，因為他於1890年9月16日在一輛火車上神秘地失蹤了。

美國及歐洲的早期電影史是以攝影機專利權之爭為標志的。1888年普林斯的一種有16個鏡頭的設備在美國被授予雙專利，它是由一個電影攝影機和一個投影器組合而成的。

他的另一發明——一種單鏡頭攝影機（即MkI）在美國卻被拒絕授予專利，因為已有同類產品持有專利。不過，幾年後美國人托馬斯·愛迪生申請同類產品專利時卻沒有被拒絕。

1888年10月14日，使用改進版的單鏡頭攝影機（即MkII）拍攝了電影《朗德海花園場景》。他在利茲的漢斯萊特區（Hunslet）的惠特利工廠以及惠特利位於朗德海的家——奧克伍德農庄（Oakwood Grange）展出了他這第一部電影。

但他們沒有在更廣的范圍里傳播這一電影。他在1887年至1888年同時拍攝了電影《利茲大橋》《繞過牆角者》《拉手風琴者》，每部電影的片長為2秒左右。

接下來的幾年，為了使自己和家人移民到紐約去，並進一步進行研究，他取得法國-美國雙重國籍。1890年9月，他計劃到紐約的聚美大樓舉辦公開展覽，然而他本人卻神秘地消失了。因此，普林斯對攝影機的誕生所作的貢獻常被人忽視。

(1)英語電影的起源擴展閱讀

電影是19世紀美國國家生活水平上升大眾產生新需求的娛樂產物。

電影根據視覺暫留原理，運用照相（以及錄音）手段把外界事物的影像（以及聲音）攝錄在膠片上，通過放映（同時還原聲音），用電的方式將活動影像投射到銀幕上（以及同步聲音）以表現一定內容的現代技術。

電影是一種視覺及聽覺藝術，利用膠卷、錄像帶或數位媒體將影像和聲音捕捉，再加上後期的編輯工作而成。

電影是一種綜合的現代藝術，亦正如藝術本身，有著復雜而繁多的科系。電影有很多類型，也有多種分類方法。

電影從有聲電影開始發展，目前已經到了電影的特技時代了。運用大量的電腦特技製作出來的電影，受廣大中年以下的朋友歡迎。

國外電影廣告在美國和英國的電影廣告中，有這樣八種標記：

（1）美國X——禁止未成年者觀看的影片，G——所有觀眾可看片，R——十七歲以下禁止觀看，PG——一般觀眾可看。

（2）英國U——內容正派片，A——一般觀眾可看片，X——18歲以下青少年禁看片，AA——少年兒童禁看的兇殺片。

電影其實就是被人稱之為藝術而迂迴戲話的一幕聯想而已。

1911年義大利詩人和電影先驅者喬托·卡努杜發表了一篇名為《第七藝術宣言》的論著，他在世界電影史上第一次宣稱電影是一種表演藝術，從此，「第七藝術」就成為了電影藝術的同義詞。

現如今有3D電影，是視覺的「長寬高」；美國拍攝電影有5D拍攝技術。

其中電影最高的獎項為「美國電影奧斯卡金像獎、法國戛納國際電影節金棕櫚獎、威尼斯國際電影節金獅獎、德國柏林國際電影節金熊獎」。

⑵ 英語原著和電影的簡介！

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己
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⑶ 電影的英語簡介

1.《天下無賊》
The film tells an ideal story of friendship and return of prodigal people. After five years of hard working in the northwest, young farmer Root bagged with a saving of sixty thousand Yuan decides to go back to hometown to get married. During the long journey on the train that is full of thieves, rustic and naïve Root however chooses to believe that it is 「a world without thieves」.
翻譯：
影片講述的友誼和浪子人返回理想的故事。經過五年的努力，在西北工作多年，年輕的農民根與六十千元儲蓄套袋決定回到家鄉結婚。在火車上是竊賊，質朴，天真的根卻選擇相信這是「天下無賊」完全長途旅行。

2. <玉觀音>
Anxin is an anti drug enforcement agent, when she is preparing her wedding with Tiejun, she falls in love with another man, Maojie the passion between them grows vigorously. Unfortunately, Anxin quickly married Tiejun after discovering her pregnancy. Everything seems going fine then, but it is only the beginning of tragedy: Anxin meets Maojie again when disguising herself as a drug dealer, later she even becomes the witness against him which leads his family broken up. However, Mao』s lawyer exonerates Maojie after revealing the affairs between Mao and Anxin. Maojie determines to take revenge and the lovers become enemies……
翻譯：
安心是公安局緝毒大隊的偵察員，當他正准備和鐵軍結婚的時候，她與另外一個男人毛傑產生了愛慕之心，雙雙墜入愛河。當安心發現自己懷孕之後，她很快與鐵軍結了婚，婚後的生活和和美美，豈不知這只是悲劇的開始。在一次化裝偵察的過程中，安心再次遇見毛傑，作為證人的安心， 在法庭調查毛傑時，提供了毛傑的犯罪證明，毛傑的家庭也因此而支離破碎。後來，毛傑的律師在法庭的調查中揭露了毛傑與安心曾為戀人的關系，毛傑決心要報復安心，曾經自己的戀人，成了敵人……
這已經是最短的了，希望可以幫到你。

⑷ 電影的歷史,用英語如何表達

the history of movie

⑸ 英文電影發展史

這個也太有難度了吧，非得專業人士不行啊，建議你還是直接娶你老師那邊索要得了，呵呵，大不了請吃頓飯完事！

⑹ 電影的起源是

1893年，T.A.愛迪生發明電影視鏡並創建「囚車」攝影場，被視為美國電影史的開端。1896年，維太放映機的推出開始了美國電影的群眾性放映。

19世紀末20世紀初，美國的城市工業發展和中下層居民迅速增多，電影成為適應城市平民需要的一種大眾娛樂。它起先在歌舞游樂場內，隨後進人小劇場，在劇目演出之後放映。

1905年在匹茲堡出現的鎳幣影院(入場券為5美分鎳幣)很快遍及美國所有城鎮，到1910年每周的電影觀眾多達3600萬人次。當時影片都是單本一部的，產量每月400部，主要製片基地在紐約，如愛迪生公司、比沃格拉夫公司和維太格拉夫公司。1903年E．S．鮑特的《一個美國消防員的生活》和《火車大劫案》，使電影從一種新奇的玩藝兒發展為一門藝術。影片中使用了剪輯技巧，鮑特成為用交叉剪輯手法造成戲劇效果的第一位導演。

⑺ 英語的電影簡介

When Pegg Bogs, the local Avon lady, attempts one last stop to sell her procts, she wanders off to the mansion on top of the large hill in the suburb. Finding a unique and alone man named Edward with scissors for hands, Peg decides to bring Edward back with her into society. Edward makes a good impression and even falls in love with Peg's high school daughter Kim, but after a robbery with a framed Edward as the culprit, things in his life begin to go downhill and Kim finally understands his feelings.

剪刀手愛德華 Edward scissorhands

⑻ 求一篇600字左右英文的商業電影概念和起源、發展。

中國商業電影一個是品質問題一個是模式問題,我覺的像現在的導演,大陸拍商業片的恐怕只有馮小剛算是個半成功的了,不能說全成功是因為他的風格似乎總是過於局限,而電影受眾也過於局限,像別的導演,多半文藝片出生,要麼現在索性就是文藝片的市場,總是聽見某某在國外拿了獎,拿到內地來同樣沒什麼票房.
中國現在的商業片不成氣候,撐死了那麼幾個導演那麼幾個編劇,而且礙於社會主義好的原則,很多題材都不能拍,也沒有那麼多的資金來弄.
像我在大學里開音像店,很多印度留學生,且不說這個國家如何,人的素質如何.人家還就是比我們的國人要愛電影,即使老是操著一口發音奇怪的英語來問某某片子,可是電影儼然成為人家生活的一部分.
像現在國內還沒有一個統一的電影基地,而電影的編制原則也太過於僵化,哪裡有哪個編劇就要一直編劇的,一個好的編劇一輩子就吃死了那麼一本好劇本,別的全垃圾還要拿出來拍什麼商業大片,搞到最後都是靠媒體優勢來拿的票房.
中國商業電影的模式如果一直如此單一,恐怕走不長遠.
盼望有好片子誕生,也只怕一直都只能成為一個夢想了.

翻譯：
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.

⑼ 急急急！！十分鍾！電影各種信息（電影的起源等）要英文的 簡短的

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium』s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye』s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera』s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge』s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll 「film」 in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson』s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera』s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera』s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison』s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy』s prank. La sortie de l』usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d』un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers』 example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera』s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison』s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès』s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter』s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood』s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema』s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film』s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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⑽ 世界電影的起源英文介紹

The world film "founded in 1952, formerly known as the motion picture arts clump of translation", is China film home association's hosting of the film professional bimonthly for years heavily influenced by the vast majority of the reader's love, known as stand up to test of time. Domestic comprehensive introced into the world film culture and the first issue of the study.

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