英语电影的起源

⑴ 简述电影的起源和发展

起源

1872年的一天，在美国加利福尼亚州一个酒店里，斯坦福与科恩发生了激烈的争执：马奔跑时蹄子是否都着地？斯坦福认为奔跑的马在跃起的瞬间四蹄是腾空的；科恩却认为，马奔跑时始终有一蹄着地。

争执的结果谁也说服不了谁，于是就采取了美国人惯用的方式打赌来解决。他们请来一位驯马好手来做裁决，然而，这位裁判员也难以断定谁是谁非。这很正常，因为单凭人的眼睛确实难以看清快速奔跑的马蹄是如何运动的。

裁判的好友——英国摄影师爱德华·麦布里奇（Edward Muybridge）知道了这件事后，表示可由他来试一试。他在跑道的一边安置了24架照相机，排成一行，相机镜头都对准跑道。在跑道的另一边，他打了24个木桩，每根木桩上都系上一根细绳，这些细绳横穿跑道，分别系到对面每架照相机快门上。

一切准备就绪后，麦布里奇牵来了一匹漂亮的骏马，让它从跑道一端飞奔到另一端。当跑马经过这一区域时，依次把24极引线绊断，24架照相机的快门也就依次被拉动而拍下了24张照片。麦布里奇把这些照片按先后顺序剪接起来。

每相邻的两张照片动作差别很小，它们组成了一条连贯的照片带。裁判根据这组照片，终于看出马在奔跑时，所有蹄子都腾空。按理说，故事到此就应结束了，但这场打赌及其判定的奇特方法却引起了人们很大的兴趣。麦布里奇一次又一次地向人们出示那条录有奔马形象的照片带。

一次，有人无意识地快速牵动那条照片带，结果眼前出现了一幕奇异的景象：各张照片中那些静止的马叠成一匹运动的马，它竟然“活”起来了！

发展

1888年10月，法国电影发明家路易斯·普林斯（路易斯·艾梅·奥古斯汀·雷·普林斯Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince）在英格兰西约克郡利兹城进行了一项有里程碑意义的工作。

他使用自己的单镜头摄影机和伊士曼柯达公司的纸质胶片接连拍摄了《朗德海花园场景》（Roundhay Garden Scene）和一段利兹大桥的街景。

这比他的竞争者——比如卢米埃尔兄弟和托马斯·爱迪生——要早上几年。他未能在美国按计划完成这项新发明的公开演示，因为他于1890年9月16日在一辆火车上神秘地失踪了。

美国及欧洲的早期电影史是以摄影机专利权之争为标志的。1888年普林斯的一种有16个镜头的设备在美国被授予双专利，它是由一个电影摄影机和一个投影器组合而成的。

他的另一发明——一种单镜头摄影机（即MkI）在美国却被拒绝授予专利，因为已有同类产品持有专利。不过，几年后美国人托马斯·爱迪生申请同类产品专利时却没有被拒绝。

1888年10月14日，使用改进版的单镜头摄影机（即MkII）拍摄了电影《朗德海花园场景》。他在利兹的汉斯莱特区（Hunslet）的惠特利工厂以及惠特利位于朗德海的家——奥克伍德农庄（Oakwood Grange）展出了他这第一部电影。

但他们没有在更广的范围里传播这一电影。他在1887年至1888年同时拍摄了电影《利兹大桥》《绕过墙角者》《拉手风琴者》，每部电影的片长为2秒左右。

接下来的几年，为了使自己和家人移民到纽约去，并进一步进行研究，他取得法国-美国双重国籍。1890年9月，他计划到纽约的聚美大楼举办公开展览，然而他本人却神秘地消失了。因此，普林斯对摄影机的诞生所作的贡献常被人忽视。

(1)英语电影的起源扩展阅读

电影是19世纪美国国家生活水平上升大众产生新需求的娱乐产物。

电影根据视觉暂留原理，运用照相（以及录音）手段把外界事物的影像（以及声音）摄录在胶片上，通过放映（同时还原声音），用电的方式将活动影像投射到银幕上（以及同步声音）以表现一定内容的现代技术。

电影是一种视觉及听觉艺术，利用胶卷、录像带或数位媒体将影像和声音捕捉，再加上后期的编辑工作而成。

电影是一种综合的现代艺术，亦正如艺术本身，有着复杂而繁多的科系。电影有很多类型，也有多种分类方法。

电影从有声电影开始发展，目前已经到了电影的特技时代了。运用大量的电脑特技制作出来的电影，受广大中年以下的朋友欢迎。

国外电影广告在美国和英国的电影广告中，有这样八种标记：

（1）美国X——禁止未成年者观看的影片，G——所有观众可看片，R——十七岁以下禁止观看，PG——一般观众可看。

（2）英国U——内容正派片，A——一般观众可看片，X——18岁以下青少年禁看片，AA——少年儿童禁看的凶杀片。

电影其实就是被人称之为艺术而迂回戏话的一幕联想而已。

1911年意大利诗人和电影先驱者乔托·卡努杜发表了一篇名为《第七艺术宣言》的论著，他在世界电影史上第一次宣称电影是一种表演艺术，从此，“第七艺术”就成为了电影艺术的同义词。

现如今有3D电影，是视觉的“长宽高”；美国拍摄电影有5D拍摄技术。

其中电影最高的奖项为“美国电影奥斯卡金像奖、法国戛纳国际电影节金棕榈奖、威尼斯国际电影节金狮奖、德国柏林国际电影节金熊奖”。

⑵ 英语原著和电影的简介！

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⑶ 电影的英语简介

1.《天下无贼》
The film tells an ideal story of friendship and return of prodigal people. After five years of hard working in the northwest, young farmer Root bagged with a saving of sixty thousand Yuan decides to go back to hometown to get married. During the long journey on the train that is full of thieves, rustic and naïve Root however chooses to believe that it is “a world without thieves”.
翻译：
影片讲述的友谊和浪子人返回理想的故事。经过五年的努力，在西北工作多年，年轻的农民根与六十千元储蓄套袋决定回到家乡结婚。在火车上是窃贼，质朴，天真的根却选择相信这是“天下无贼”完全长途旅行。

2. <玉观音>
Anxin is an anti drug enforcement agent, when she is preparing her wedding with Tiejun, she falls in love with another man, Maojie the passion between them grows vigorously. Unfortunately, Anxin quickly married Tiejun after discovering her pregnancy. Everything seems going fine then, but it is only the beginning of tragedy: Anxin meets Maojie again when disguising herself as a drug dealer, later she even becomes the witness against him which leads his family broken up. However, Mao’s lawyer exonerates Maojie after revealing the affairs between Mao and Anxin. Maojie determines to take revenge and the lovers become enemies……
翻译：
安心是公安局缉毒大队的侦察员，当他正准备和铁军结婚的时候，她与另外一个男人毛杰产生了爱慕之心，双双坠入爱河。当安心发现自己怀孕之后，她很快与铁军结了婚，婚后的生活和和美美，岂不知这只是悲剧的开始。在一次化装侦察的过程中，安心再次遇见毛杰，作为证人的安心， 在法庭调查毛杰时，提供了毛杰的犯罪证明，毛杰的家庭也因此而支离破碎。后来，毛杰的律师在法庭的调查中揭露了毛杰与安心曾为恋人的关系，毛杰决心要报复安心，曾经自己的恋人，成了敌人……
这已经是最短的了，希望可以帮到你。

⑷ 电影的历史,用英语如何表达

the history of movie

⑸ 英文电影发展史

这个也太有难度了吧，非得专业人士不行啊，建议你还是直接娶你老师那边索要得了，呵呵，大不了请吃顿饭完事！

⑹ 电影的起源是

1893年，T.A.爱迪生发明电影视镜并创建“囚车”摄影场，被视为美国电影史的开端。1896年，维太放映机的推出开始了美国电影的群众性放映。

19世纪末20世纪初，美国的城市工业发展和中下层居民迅速增多，电影成为适应城市平民需要的一种大众娱乐。它起先在歌舞游乐场内，随后进人小剧场，在剧目演出之后放映。

1905年在匹兹堡出现的镍币影院(入场券为5美分镍币)很快遍及美国所有城镇，到1910年每周的电影观众多达3600万人次。当时影片都是单本一部的，产量每月400部，主要制片基地在纽约，如爱迪生公司、比沃格拉夫公司和维太格拉夫公司。1903年E．S．鲍特的《一个美国消防员的生活》和《火车大劫案》，使电影从一种新奇的玩艺儿发展为一门艺术。影片中使用了剪辑技巧，鲍特成为用交叉剪辑手法造成戏剧效果的第一位导演。

⑺ 英语的电影简介

When Pegg Bogs, the local Avon lady, attempts one last stop to sell her procts, she wanders off to the mansion on top of the large hill in the suburb. Finding a unique and alone man named Edward with scissors for hands, Peg decides to bring Edward back with her into society. Edward makes a good impression and even falls in love with Peg's high school daughter Kim, but after a robbery with a framed Edward as the culprit, things in his life begin to go downhill and Kim finally understands his feelings.

剪刀手爱德华 Edward scissorhands

⑻ 求一篇600字左右英文的商业电影概念和起源、发展。

中国商业电影一个是品质问题一个是模式问题,我觉的像现在的导演,大陆拍商业片的恐怕只有冯小刚算是个半成功的了,不能说全成功是因为他的风格似乎总是过于局限,而电影受众也过于局限,像别的导演,多半文艺片出生,要么现在索性就是文艺片的市场,总是听见某某在国外拿了奖,拿到内地来同样没什么票房.
中国现在的商业片不成气候,撑死了那么几个导演那么几个编剧,而且碍于社会主义好的原则,很多题材都不能拍,也没有那么多的资金来弄.
像我在大学里开音像店,很多印度留学生,且不说这个国家如何,人的素质如何.人家还就是比我们的国人要爱电影,即使老是操着一口发音奇怪的英语来问某某片子,可是电影俨然成为人家生活的一部分.
像现在国内还没有一个统一的电影基地,而电影的编制原则也太过于僵化,哪里有哪个编剧就要一直编剧的,一个好的编剧一辈子就吃死了那么一本好剧本,别的全垃圾还要拿出来拍什么商业大片,搞到最后都是靠媒体优势来拿的票房.
中国商业电影的模式如果一直如此单一,恐怕走不长远.
盼望有好片子诞生,也只怕一直都只能成为一个梦想了.

翻译：
China's commercial film is a quality problem is to model a problem, I feel like now the director of the mainland will only be a commercial movie to be half the success of Feng Xiaogang, and can not say that the whole success is because of his style always seemed too restrictive, while the Film audiences are too limited, like other directors, most artistic film, was born, or is simply a market that is an artistic film, always heard so and so took a prize in foreign countries, to get the same little box office mainland.
China's current commercial films do not come into vogue several directors Chengsi so just a handful of writers, but also because of the good principles of socialism, many subjects can not be beat, nor so much money to get.
As I opened video stores in the university, many Indian students, not to mention how this country, people's qualities. People also is to love people than our movies, even if always, speaking in a strange pronunciation of English to ask a of a film, but the film has become an integral part of life people.
As now there is not a unified national film base, the establishment of the principle of the film is also too rigid and, where there is what writers should have been a screenwriter, a good scriptwriter eat dead life so a good script, do not all garbage to film would be set aside large tracts of what the business, got to the last are the advantages of relying on the media to come and collect at the box office.
Chinese commercial films has always been the case if a single model, I am afraid to go a long-term.
Looking forward to the birth of good films, but also I'm afraid they have been can only be a dream.

⑼ 急急急！！十分钟！电影各种信息（电影的起源等）要英文的 简短的

History of Motion Pictures
I INTRODUCTION

History of Motion Pictures, historical development of the visual medium known as motion pictures, film, cinema, or the movies. This article covers the medium’s history as a technology, as a business, as an art form, and as a means of delivering entertainment and information to audiences in theaters and at home. It discusses major filmmakers and their films, principal fiction and nonfiction genres, and film instries in the United States and throughout the world. For more information on the technical aspects involved in creating a film, see Motion Picture.

II ORIGINS

In the early 19th century scientists took note of a visual phenomenon: A sequence of indivial still pictures, when set in motion, can give the illusion of movement. These scientists attributed this experience to what they called persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the source has been removed. The eye’s retention of a visual image, now known as positive afterimage, has long been considered a founding principle of motion pictures, even though its relationship to the perception of motion is still not well understood.

A Early Experiments

The persistence of vision concept stimulated experimentation with motion-picture devices throughout the 19th century. Among the first such devices was a slotted disk with a sequence of drawings around its perimeter. When a person spun the disk in front of a mirror and looked through the slots, the drawings appeared to move. The zoetrope, a device developed in the 1830s, was a hollow drum with a strip of pictures around its inner surface. When spun, it proced the same effect. In the 1870s French inventor Émile Reynaud improved on this idea by placing mirrors at the center of the drum. A few years later he developed a projecting version, using a reflector and a lens to enlarge the moving images. In 1892 he began holding public screenings in Paris at his Théâtre Optique, with hundreds of drawings on a reel that he wound through his apparatus to construct moving images that continued for 15 minutes.

Inventors began to conceive of combining the principles of these moving-image devices with the photographic recording of actual movement soon after the development of still photography in the 1830s. The most famous experiment occurred in the 1870s in California, where railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four feet off the ground. Muybridge set up 12 cameras along a racetrack and spread threads across the track with a contact to each camera’s shutter. Moving along the track, the horse broke the threads and caused a sequence of photographs to be taken. The photos showed the horse with all four feet off the ground, and Muybridge went on a lecture tour showing his photographs on a moving-image device he called the zoopraxiscope.

Muybridge’s endeavors stimulated French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey to devise equipment for recording and analyzing animal and human movement. He built what he called a chronophotographic camera that could take multiple images superimposed on one another. His work was aided in turn by developments in photographic materials. In 1885 American inventor George Eastman introced sensitized paper roll “film” in place of the indivial glass plates then in use. In 1889 Eastman replaced the paper roll with celluloid, a synthetic plastic material coated with a gelatin emulsion.

B Thomas Alva Edison and William K. L. Dickson

Legendary American inventor Thomas Alva Edison drew upon the work of Muybridge, Marey, and Eastman when he turned his attention to motion pictures in the late 1880s. In his laboratories in West Orange, New Jersey, Edison assigned to a British employee, William K. L. Dickson, the task of constructing a machine for recording actual movement on film and another machine for viewing the resulting images. By 1891 Dickson had proced a motion-picture camera, called the Kinetograph, and a viewing machine, bbed the Kinetoscope.

The Kinetograph was operated by an electric motor that moved the celluloid film roll past the camera lens. Motor-driven cameras, which were bulky and stationary, were soon replaced by movable hand-cranked cameras. Dickson’s key contribution was a sprocket mechanism linked to the camera’s shutter, which momentarily stopped the film roll for each exposure. These separate still photographic images came to be called frames. Early cameras used a number of different speeds for exposing frames, but by the advent of sound film in the late 1920s the standard had become 24 frames per second.

In early 1893 Edison constructed a motion-picture studio on his laboratory grounds, bbed the Black Maria by his staff who thought it resembled police patrol wagons known by that nickname. On May 9, 1893, he held the first public exhibition of films shot using the Kinetograph in the Black Maria. But only one person at a time could use his viewing machine, the Kinetoscope. This boxlike structure contained a motor-and-shutter mechanism similar to the camera’s. It ran a loop of positive film past an electric light source, illuminating a tiny image, which the viewer observed through a small window. Kinetoscope viewing parlors containing many machines for indivial viewing began to open in cities in 1894. Edison and Dickson apparently gave little thought to a single machine that could project moving images to a large audience, something Reynaud had achieved in his Théâtre Optique. Reynaud, however, had displayed drawings rather than images photographed by a motion-picture camera.

C The Lumière Brothers

In France, the brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière, who ran a factory in Lyons that manufactured photographic equipment, sought to improve on Edison’s accomplishment. By 1895 they developed a lightweight, hand-held camera that used a claw mechanism to advance the film roll. They named it the Cinématographe, and they soon discovered that it could also be used to show large images on a screen, when linked with projecting equipment. Throughout 1895 they shot films and projected them for select groups. Their first screening for the general public was held in Paris in December 1895.

Elsewhere other inventors were also busy. In Germany, the brothers Emil and Max Skladanowsky devised an apparatus and projected films in Berlin in November 1895. In Britain, a machine developed by Birt Acres and Robert W. Paul was used to project films in London in January 1896. In the United States, a projector called the Vitascope was constructed around the same time by Charles Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat. Armat then entered into a commercial alliance with Edison to manufacture the Vitascope, and the device exhibited projected motion pictures in New York City in April 1896.

The Lumière brothers held a unique place among all these simultaneous efforts, since they were innovative filmmakers as well as inventors and manufacturers. The many films they made ring 1895 and 1896, though very short, are considered pivotal in the history of motion pictures. Arroseur et arrosé (Waterer and Watered, 1896), a brief comedy drawn from a newspaper cartoon, shows a gardener getting drenched with a hose as the result of a boy’s prank. La sortie de l’usine Lumière à Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory, 1895) and Arrivée d’un train en gare (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, 1896), which shows a train coming to a station and passengers getting off, were among the so-called actuality films—films that depicted actual events rather than a story told by actors—for which the Lumières became noted.

III ONE-REELERS

During the decade following the advent of projected motion pictures, films were shown as part of vaudeville or variety programs, at carnivals and fairgrounds, in lecture halls and churches, and graally in spaces converted for the exclusive exhibition of movies. Most films ran no longer than 10 to 12 minutes, which reflected the amount of film that could be wound on a standard reel for projection (hence the term one-reelers). Many were comedies or actualities, following the Lumière brothers’ example. Their purpose was spectacle—to show something astounding, unusual, titillating, or perhaps newsworthy. But filmmakers also struck out in new directions, especially toward fantasy and narrative.

French magician and filmmaker Georges Méliès was the outstanding creator of fantasy films in early cinema. Méliès exploited the new medium to enhance his magic acts through techniques such as stop-motion photography—interrupting the camera’s action and moving or substituting people and objects—so that, for example, a woman appeared to turn into a skeleton. He created elaborate backdrops with multiple scenes and costume changes for these so-called trick films that were widely emulated by other filmmakers. Of the hundreds of works he made between 1896 and 1912, perhaps the best-known is Le voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon, 1902), which in one scene features the animated human face of the moon being struck in the eye by a rocket.

In the United States, a former projectionist and traveling exhibitor, Edwin S. Porter, took charge of motion-picture proction at Edison’s company in 1901 and began making longer films that told a story. As with Méliès’s films, these required multiple shots that could be edited into a narrative sequence. Porter’s most notable film—and the most famous work of early cinema—was The Great Train Robbery (1903), which is credited with establishing movies as a commercial entertainment medium. With its rapid shifts of location, including action on a moving train, this film offered spectators a breadth and immediacy of vision that became hallmarks of the cinema experience.

Spurred by The Great Train Robbery and subsequent story films, film exhibition greatly expanded in the United States around 1905. One phenomenon was the proliferation of nickelodeon theaters, converted storefronts in instrial cities that charged 5 cents for admission and attracted working-class audiences. Demand from these theaters increased the volume of film proction and the profits for procers, but it also brought forth criticism from reformers concerning unsanitary or unsafe conditions in theaters and immoral subject matter in films. In 1908 Edison took the lead in establishing the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), a consortium of procers with common goals: controlling proction and distribution so as to eliminate cheap theaters, raising admission prices, cooperating with censorship bodies, and preventing film stock from getting into the hands of nonmember procers. However, the independent procers excluded from the MPPC continued to obtain materials and make the most popular films. They also led the way toward multireel, feature-length films. By 1915 the MPPC was under attack by the U.S. government as an illegal monopoly (although an ineffectual one), and the independents were combining into the companies that would dominate American filmmaking for decades to come.

IV SILENT MOVIES

With a few experimental exceptions, motion pictures from their earliest days until the late 1920s lacked synchronous sound (sound that matches the action). But silent movies were rarely silent. Early films almost always were projected with piano or organ accompaniment, and sometimes also with a narrator or live actors behind the screen. As feature-length films (four reels, with a running time of 40 to 50 minutes or more) became the norm in the 1910s, live orchestras began to play in larger theaters, frequently using music written specifically for the film.

Until World War I (1914-1918) European filmmakers dominated the world film market. France was considered the leading film-procing country, though Italy, Denmark, and other countries also played a significant role. However, the war, fought on European soil, disrupted commercial filmmaking there. With a sudden drop in European film exports, some regions, such as Latin America, experienced a brief surge in film proction. But U.S. companies soon took over markets overseas, using the same tactics of high-volume proction and lower prices that the Europeans had. By the 1920s some three-quarters of films screened around the world came from the United States.

A American Silent Movies

Even before the war, the United States had made its mark on the world filmmaking scene with epics and comedies. Moreover, U.S. moviemakers had begun to congregate in southern California in the Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood (see The Move to Hollywood, below), creating a film community apart from older urban centers of politics and the arts, and a magical new symbol for popular entertainment and glamour.

A1 D. W. Griffith

The work of D. W. Griffith exemplifies the transformation of motion pictures from the early days of one-reelers to an era of Hollywood’s worldwide dominance. Starting out as an actor in films directed by Edwin S. Porter, Griffith in 1908 became a director at the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in New York City. He was initially responsible for turning out two one-reel films a week, and between 1908 and 1913 he directed nearly 500 films. Amidst this breakneck schele, he and his co-workers developed many of the cinema’s basic storytelling conventions: moving the camera close to the action, using many separate shots, and editing the shots to cut back and forth among different actions. All these techniques served to shape a narrative, rather than present a spectacle as earlier films had tended to do. Griffith also nurtured performers such as Mary Pickford and Lillian Gish and emphasized an intimate, restrained style of acting suitable for camera close-ups.

Leaving Biograph in 1913 to make full-length features, Griffith planned a historical epic of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The Birth of a Nation (1915), three hours in length, stunned audiences with its dazzling spectacle of a still-recent event and established motion pictures as an art form for cultured spectators. Yet the film’s racist presumptions—specifically, its defense of white supremacy to protect racial purity—was controversial in its own time and remains repugnant decades later. Griffith made another epic, Intolerance (1916), which intertwined four stories about victims of prejudice, and continued to work as an independent filmmaker into the 1920s. Eventually, financial pressures forced him to become a director at a Hollywood studio, and he made his last film in 1931.

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⑽ 世界电影的起源英文介绍

The world film "founded in 1952, formerly known as the motion picture arts clump of translation", is China film home association's hosting of the film professional bimonthly for years heavily influenced by the vast majority of the reader's love, known as stand up to test of time. Domestic comprehensive introced into the world film culture and the first issue of the study.

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